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Home Buying: Basic Pre Approval Requirements
Jennifer Hernandez • February 17, 2024
Are you wondering the basic requirements of buying a home? One thing is for sure, and that is CHANGE. The real estate industry is no stranger to change, and this article will help you know the basics, so that you are able to make your home buying plans a reality, regardless of what industry regulations and changes are thrown our way.
Credit Will Always be Your Gateway to Homeownership
Think of your credit score as the key that unlocks the door to your future home. It's more than just a number; it's a snapshot of your financial story that lenders use to decide if you're ready for a mortgage. But here's the thing: no one expects perfection. In the real world, credit scores vary, and thankfully, there are different types of loans tailored to meet these variations.
Maintaining and improving your credit is the key, so that when it is your time to buy, you have the best options available to you at that time. MyFICO.com provides the most accurate score that consumers can see that is closest to what lenders pull.
Pre Approval is Key
This process is likely the most misunderstood . You will hear terms like pre-qualification and pre-approval. It’s very easy to confuse the two . A pre-qualification is basically an application plus a credit review. This does offer valuable insights, however , it lacks the most crucial part of the mortgage process, which is documentation.
With verification of income, assets and credit properly documented and reviewed, the lender is able to provide a letter of pre approval, which will be required to make an offer to a seller. The sellers will want the assurance that your entire background has been vetted thoroughly.
Our suggestion is to consider
pre approval 6-12 months from the time you plan to purchase. This will give you crucial insights to your maximum buying power, as well as any credit fixes you can attain to achieve a higher score for the future event of home buying! This will ensure you have many choices at hand in your financing instead of a select few.
Documentation to Provide
At the pre approval stage, you should be expecting to provide documents that confirm your income and savings. You can download a list of documents required HERE.
You should expect that these documents are required at the beginning of your process with a lender. If a lender does not require these items, it actually can be a sign of a red flag in the accuracy and efficiency they are willing to provide. Can you get advice and basic information without documentation? Sure you can, however this will set you up for possible surprises later on.
The basic rule to remember is 2-2-2. This means providing 2 recent paystubs, 2 years W 2 forms, and 2 months bank statements. If you are self-employed, meaning that you own more than 25% of a company, then you will need to provide tax returns for 2 years as well in most cases. Also be prepared to verify your legal identity and ability to work in the US. This is with a US passport, resident card, or work permit.
There are other forms and documents that might be required in your situation, for things like retirement income, social security, child support etc. You can find a complete list here of documents that could be required.
Basic Income Requirements
The magic number for lenders is 2. Industry guidelines all agree across all of the programs , that 2 years is a stable overview of income, to know about the employability of someone. The fact of having a 2 year history of being employed, shows that you have stability, and if found unemployed, will have an easier time finding new employment. Good news! The 2 year history does NOT have to be all with the same employer. However, if you have changed jobs more than 3 times in a 12 month period, this could be questioned and need to be explained to establish stability.
An exception to the 2 year work history rule for employees, is attending university or some other type of training for your trade or industry. You would merely need to prove with a transcript or diploma that you were in school, and the requirement to have 2 years history of work is usually waived.
It is important to know that for employees, the gross income is used , not the take home income, when being reviewed by an underwriter. If relying on any additional income than your basic wage to qualify, like overtime, commission or bonus, the 2 years history of this income will come into play again. For this reason you should check with a lender immediately so proper calculation of income is attained.
If you are self employed, a 2 year period is also deemed enough time by underwriters to show how you manage expenses and have the ability to generate income. Your 2 year tax returns will show this, and the underwriters will look at the net income, after expenses have been deducted.
It’s worth mentioning secondary income. There are many people that rely on a second job to make ends meet. Especially in this case, a 2 year history of secondary employment is required. In addition, to prove that you have been able to carry 2 jobs for two years or more.
More the reason to check with a lender as soon as possible to make sure you know what income can count toward mortgage approval.
How Much House Can You Afford
Lenders will calculate your housing payment to be a cumulation of principal, interest, and a proration for property tax, home insurance and required HOA dues. This total payment in most guidelines should be no more than 40-43% of your total gross income that was calculated using the methods in the prior section. The reason we say ‘in general’ is because there are exceptions when a larger down payment is being made, like 20% or higher. In these cases, debt ratios could be considered up to almost 50% of your monthly gross income.
The maximum debt to income percentage, also known as DTI or Debt to Income, is 50% for Conventional Mortgages, and 55% for VA and FHA Mortgages. These mortgage types are some of the most common, and
represent a large percentage of loans (almost 80%) , especially for
first time buyers.
If you are looking for a general rule of thumb, you could take your annual household income from acceptable sources, and multiply by 3-4 times. That would give you an approximate home price. For example, if your income is $80,000 , multiplying it by 3 or 4 times, means a home price of $240,000 to $320,000. However, be careful with this formula, as it does not take into account how you got to the $80,000 in income, and whether the lender will calculate your income the same, especially if from overtime, commissions, or even a second job. Also, your debts overall must be considered from things like car payments , loans and credit cards. If your debt is more than 8-10% of your income, then the formula for the above calculation is not correct.
Down payment - the missing link
One of the biggest myths about home buying is that you have to put down 20% on a purchase. This is not the case. There are 3-5% down options available, depending if you are a first time buyer, or the loan program you are seeking, such as FHA , Conventional, or VA. These are some of the most common loan types in the industry.
Down Payment Assistance is surely available in each state, which can alleviate the need for funds required at closing. However, many of the down payment assistance programs have income ceilings, minimum credit score requirements , and maximum purchase prices or even areas of town a person can buy.
At the pre approval, the lender will determine the loan program you are qualified for, and what amount is required to close with not only down payment, but
closing costs. This final amount must be verified in your banking or investment accounts, or verified as a
gift from a close relation. All monies used for closing must be verified from an acceptable source. This is defined as money you have had on deposit for 60 days, or, deposits from your own earnings, or assets that you have sold that can be documented.
Cash money, aka mattress money, is not acceptable, because it cannot be sourced.
Bitcoin is mentioned a lot now, and becoming a looming question for funds. Bitcoin is allowed, however, the statements to prove bitcoin and its source in a 60 day period comes into question. Talk to a lender asap if this applies to you, as the rules for different programs vary greatly in this area.
In summary, be prepared to provide 2 months statements in checking, savings, investments, and retirement accounts. These must be full statements, all pages. Snapshots online are generally not accepted.
The Overall Picture
Remember, when lenders peek into your overall financial history, they're not just looking for numbers. They're trying to assess how well you handle financial responsibilities and changes. If you start the process prepared and ready to provide this information discussed above, you will have a smooth and accurate assessment to make your home buying journey a reality!
We would love to help you get started! You can
reach us here, and my team and I look forward to starting your home buying journey.
Down payment assistance programs (DPAs) sound like a dream come true—free money to help you buy a home! But before you get too excited, there are hidden costs and crucial details you need to be aware of. Let’s uncover the real impact of DPAs so you can decide if they’re the right fit for you. What Are Down Payment Assistance Programs? Down Payment Assistance Programs, or DPAs, are designed to help homebuyers, particularly those with limited income, afford a home. While many of these programs are for first-time buyers, some cater to repeat buyers as well. Here are the key factors to consider: Income Limits: Most DPAs have income restrictions based on your area’s average median income. Credit Score Requirements: Your credit score will need to meet a minimum threshold. Geographic Restrictions: While some programs are available statewide, others are limited to specific locations. Types of Down Payment Assistance Grants – Free money that doesn’t need to be repaid. These are typically reserved for first-time buyers. Forgivable Loans – A second mortgage that is forgiven after you live in the home for a set period (commonly 3, 10, or even 20 years, depending on the program). Deferred Payment Loans – A second lien with no required payments until you sell or refinance your home. This must be repaid when you pay off your first mortgage. Sounds great, right? Well, let’s dive into the hidden costs and fine print you need to be aware of. The Hidden Costs of Down Payment Assistance 1. Higher Interest Rates Most DPAs come with a higher interest rate compared to conventional financing. This means you could be paying thousands more in interest over the life of your loan. While some programs offer competitive rates, qualifying can be more difficult. 2. Increased Closing Costs In addition to a higher interest rate, many DPAs come with additional fees, such as: State Administration Fees: These can range from $500 to $600. Origination Fees: Some lenders charge a percentage of the loan to access the program. Before committing to a DPA, compare a loan estimate with and without assistance to see the true cost side by side. 3. Restrictions on Occupancy Many DPAs require you to live in the home as your primary residence for a set period. If you decide to rent it out, you could be required to pay back the assistance in full. 4. Income and Location Restrictions Most programs have income caps based on your area’s median income. If your income exceeds the limit, you won’t qualify. Some programs also require you to buy in specific areas. 5. Recapture Tax (Resale Requirements) Some programs include a recapture tax , meaning if you sell your home for a profit, the program can claim a portion of that profit as repayment for the assistance. This can be a significant financial setback if you weren’t expecting it.
Dreaming of owning a home but haven’t saved up for a down payment? You’re not alone—and good news: there are options for you! In this post, we’ll break down four powerful ways to buy a home with little or no money down —plus, a few key mistakes to avoid that could cost you thousands. These are real strategies we use with buyers every single month. 1. USDA Loans – For Rural Buyers The USDA loan program, which is backed by the United States Department of Agriculture , offers 0% down financing for eligible properties and borrowers. The catch? There are income and geographic restrictions . Good for : Rural or suburban buyers outside city limits Down payment : $0 Bonus : Lower mortgage insurance than FHA Check if a property qualifies for USDA Watch this video : Understanding USDA Loans with Jen 2. VA Loans – For Veterans and Their Families If you’re a veteran or the surviving spouse of a veteran, the VA loan offers a $0 down path to homeownership—with no mortgage insurance and loans available up to $2 million ! Good for : Active military, veterans, or qualified spouses Down payment : $0 Bonus : Flexible credit guidelines and competitive rates Watch this video : How VA Loans Work 3. Down Payment Assistance (DPA) If USDA or VA don’t fit your situation, down payment assistance programs (DPAs) might be your best option. These programs are provided at the state, county, or city level , and they can cover some or all of your down payment and/or closing costs. Good for : First-time and repeat buyers with limited savings Down payment : Partial or full assistance Bonus : Can sometimes be combined with seller credits Texas buyers, check out: 🔗 My First Texas Home Program 🔗 Texa s State Affordable Housing Corporation (TSAHC) Video breakdown : Down Payment Assistance Explained 4. Gift Funds – From Family or Close Friends Did you know you can receive money as a gift to help with your down payment? That’s right. FHA, VA, USDA, and Conventional loans all allow gift funds on primary residence purchases. But before you make a huge cash deposit, make sure you talk with your lender about how to document the gift. Good for : Buyers with supportive family Down payment : Fully or partially covered by gifts Note : Must be properly documented with a gift letter and proof of transfer Learn more : How to Use Gift Funds
Your credit score is the key to unlocking your financial future. Understanding how it’s calculated can help you make better financial decisions and avoid costly mistakes. Many people find their credit score to be a mystery—sometimes it drops even when they make payments on time! If you've ever been frustrated by fluctuations in your score, this guide will break down the five key components of your credit score so you can take control and boost it effectively. Why Your Credit Score Matters Your credit score is a three-digit number that reflects your financial responsibility to creditors. It affects everything from securing a mortgage or auto loan to getting approved for credit cards and even determining your interest rates. The better your score, the more favorable your loan terms— lower interest rates, smaller deposits, and better financial opportunities . In fact, 90% of lenders use FICO scores as their primary credit evaluation tool ( source ). But how exactly is your FICO score calculated? Let’s break it down. The 5 Components of Your Credit Score 1. Payment History (35%) – Never Pay Late! Your payment history is the most important factor in your credit score. It includes: On-time vs. late payments (payments that are 30+ days late are reported to credit bureaus) Collections and charge-offs Bankruptcies or foreclosures 🔹 Pro Tip : Always pay at least the minimum payment by the due date. Setting up auto-pay can help prevent accidental late payments. If you’re struggling, reach out to creditors to discuss payment plans before you fall behind. 📌 More on improving your payment history: How Late Payments Affect Your Credit Score 2. Credit Utilization (35%) – Keep Your Balances Low Your credit utilization ratio refers to the percentage of available credit you’re using. High utilization can hurt your score, even if you pay your balance in full each month! 🔹 Best Practice : Keep your credit card balances between 10-30% of your credit limit. For example, if you have a $5,000 limit, don’t carry a balance higher than $1,500 at any time. 🔹 Secret Tip : Your balance is reported to the credit bureaus on your statement closing date , NOT when you make a payment. If you pay your credit card bill before the statement closing date, you can lower the reported balance and improve your utilization ratio. 📌 More on credit utilization: Mastering Your Credit Score 3. Length of Credit History (15%) – The Longer, the Better Credit bureaus consider how long your accounts have been open. Older accounts demonstrate stability and reliability . 🔹 Best Practice : Avoid closing old credit accounts, even if you don’t use them often. Keeping them open helps maintain your average account age . 📌 More on the importance of credit history: How are Credit Scores Made? 4. New Credit & Inquiries (10%) – Be Careful with Hard Pulls Every time you apply for credit, a hard inquiry is recorded on your report, which can slightly lower your score. Applying for multiple credit accounts in a short time signals to lenders that you may be in financial trouble. 🔹 Best Practice : Keep new credit applications to a minimum and only apply when necessary. 🔹 Good to Know : Soft inquiries (like checking your credit score on your own) do not affect your credit score! 📌 More on credit inquiries: Does a Hard Enquiry Damage My Credit Score? 5. Credit Mix (10%) – Variety Matters Having a healthy mix of credit types boosts your score. Lenders like to see that you can manage different types of credit responsibly . A strong credit mix includes: Installment loans (e.g., mortgages, auto loans, student loans) Revolving credit (e.g., credit cards, home equity lines of credit) 🔹 Best Practice : If you only have one type of credit, consider adding another responsibly (e.g., opening a credit card if you only have loans). 📌 More on credit mix: How Your Credit Mix Affects Your Score
Does a Hard Inquiry on Your Credit Really Hurt Your Score? If you're planning to buy a home in Texas, you may be wondering: Does a hard inquiry on your credit really damage your score, and how will it affect your chances of mortgage approval? Let's break down what a hard inquiry is, how it impacts your credit, and strategies to minimize its effect so you can confidently move forward with your home purchase. What is a Hard Inquiry? A hard inquiry occurs when a lender checks your credit report to assess your creditworthiness for a loan, credit card, auto loan, or mortgage. Unlike soft inquiries (which happen when you check your own credit or when a lender pre-qualifies you without a formal application), hard inquiries are recorded on your credit report and may impact your credit score. Inquiries remain on your credit report for up to two years , but the good news is that FICO scoring models (used by 90% of lenders) only consider them for one year. This means that while the inquiry stays visible on your report, its impact on your score diminishes after 12 months. How Hard Inquiries Affect Your Mortgage Approval A hard inquiry alone is unlikely to prevent you from getting pre-approved for a mortgage. However, here’s what you need to know: FICO Treats Multiple Mortgage Inquiries as One: If multiple mortgage lenders pull your credit within a 30-day window , it only counts as one inquiry for scoring purposes. This allows you to shop for the best mortgage rates without penalty. Other Inquiries Can Hurt Your Score: While mortgage inquiries are grouped together, applying for credit cards, auto loans, or personal loans during the same time frame can lower your score. Impact Depends on Your Existing Credit Score: If your credit is already strong (e.g., 700+ score ), a hard inquiry may have a minimal effect—think of it as a small “peck” on a steel building. However, if your credit is already struggling, an additional inquiry could have a more noticeable impact. 👉 For a deeper dive into credit scores and mortgages, check out Loan with Jen’s guide on mortgage pre-approvals .
Did you know that paying off a collection won’t help your credit score unless it gets deleted ? That’s right! Collections don’t automatically disappear from your credit report, even if you’ve settled the debt. If you’re planning to buy a house or improve your credit, removing collections can be a game-changer. In this guide, I’ll walk you through six proven steps to delete collections from your credit report forever , plus a bonus hack that might speed up the process. Follow these steps carefully, and you could see your credit score improve significantly! Why Collections Hurt Your Credit Score A single collection—whether it’s $10 or $5,000 —can drop your credit score by 100 points or more overnight. Your credit score affects more than just home loans. It impacts: Your ability to qualify for a mortgage Your interest rates on car loans and credit cards The deposit amount for utilities like electricity and internet Having a collection on your report can cost you thousands of dollars in extra interest over time. That’s why it’s crucial to remove them the right way . Step 1: Get Your Full Credit Report Before you start, you need to know exactly which collections are reporting and to which credit bureaus . Where to pull your credit report: AnnualCreditReport.com (Free once per year) MyFICO.com (Paid but gives accurate FICO scores, which mortgage lenders use) Pro Tip: Make sure you get reports from all three bureaus ( Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax ) since not all creditors report to every bureau. Step 2: Identify the Collections & Calculate Your Offer Once you have your report, write down all open collections (not charge-offs). Keep track of: Collection company name Amount owed Contact phone number Now, add up the total amount owed and calculate 50% of that number . This will help you negotiate later. For example: If your collections total $2,000 , set aside $1,000 for settlements. Having funds ready before negotiating gives you leverage to settle immediately when the time comes. Step 3: Research the Collection Agency Not all collection agencies have the same policies. Look up the collection company online to see if they offer Pay-for-Delete (PFD) agreements. This means they will remove the collection once you pay . If the company is PFD-friendly, mark them as a priority! Step 4: Call the Collection Agency & Negotiate This is where your sweet voice comes in! Be polite, professional, and never argue . Follow these steps: Call the collection agency directly (no emails or texts!). Ask for a settlement : Start by offering 20-25% of the balance. Negotiate : If they counteroffer, work towards 50% or less . Ask for Pay-for-Delete : Say, "If I settle today, will you delete this from all three bureaus?" Get it in writing : Before paying, request a written agreement confirming deletion . If they refuse Pay-for-Delete , do not pay . Keep calling back until you get an agent who will agree. Step 5: Make Your Payment & Track It Once you receive a written confirmation , pay the settlement amount using a traceable method like: Credit/debit card Online payment portal (if available) Check or money order (with proof of payment) After paying, follow up with the collection agency to confirm when they will notify the credit bureaus. Most agencies report once per month , so expect deletion to take 30-90 days .
This information could save you thousands of dollars. Not all credit scores are FICO scores, and to complicate things even further, there are over three dozen versions of FICO ! If you’re planning to buy a home soon and are concerned about your credit score, keep reading—I’m breaking down the real facts. No fluff, just the essential details you need to know. The Credit Score Surprise As a mortgage loan officer with nearly three decades of experience , I’ve seen it all. Every week, I ask new clients what they think their credit score is. Without fail, the number they provide is different from the actual score I pull. Sometimes it’s just a few points off, but I’ve also seen differences of 100 points or more ! Why does this happen? Credit scores are highly individualized, and not all scores are calculated the same way. Here’s the good news—I’ve been pulling credit reports since mortgage companies began using FICO scores. I’ve learned how to navigate this complicated world, and I’m here to share what you need to know. What Is a FICO Score?
If you’re planning to buy a home in the next 12 months, understanding your credit score is essential. Not all lenders use the same credit scoring system, and the score you see from your credit card company may differ significantly from what mortgage lenders use. About 90% of lenders rely on FICO scores , but what exactly is FICO, and why is it so important? In this post, we’ll take a journey through the history of FICO and credit reporting, explain why not all credit scores are created equal, and give you practical tips to improve your credit score for home buying success. What Is FICO, and How Did It Start? To understand FICO, we need to take a step back into history. FICO (Fair Isaac Corporation) wasn’t always the gold standard for credit scoring. Its roots go back to 1956 as a data analytics company that specialized in building algorithms for various industries. But credit reporting actually started before FICO got involved, it began much earlier—back in the 1800s . The Birth of Business Credit Reporting In 1841 , a company called The Mercantile Agency began collecting and recording data on businesses, providing valuable information to creditors. This company later rebranded as Dun & Bradstreet , which remains a major player in business credit reporting today. While businesses were being tracked and scored, there was no system in place for consumer credit. That changed in the early 1900s . The Evolution of Consumer Credit Reporting In Atlanta, The Retail Credit Company (RCC) emerged in the early 1900s, collecting extensive data on individual consumers. Unfortunately, they went too far—gathering private personal information, including political affiliations and even racial and sexual details. The U.S. government stepped in to regulate this overreach by enacting the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) in 1970 , which established rules on how consumer credit information could be collected and shared. Feeling the heat from the new regulations, RCC rebranded as Equifax , one of the three major credit bureaus we recognize today, along with TransUnion and Experian . By the late 1980s , these agencies were struggling to make sense of the growing mountain of credit data. They needed a standardized system to interpret creditworthiness—so they partnered with FICO . How FICO Became the Standard for Credit Scoring In 1989 , FICO introduced its credit scoring system, which quickly became the industry standard for evaluating credit risk. FICO’s algorithm turned complex credit data into a simple three-digit score, making it easier for lenders to assess borrowers' trustworthiness when it came to paying back debt. Today, FICO is used by about 90% of lenders , although there are dozens of FICO models , each tailored to different types of lending (e.g., auto loans, credit cards, and mortgages). Why Your FICO Score May Vary If you’ve ever checked your credit score online and then applied for a mortgage, you might have noticed a significant difference between the two numbers. That’s because not all credit scores are created equal. There are more than three dozen versions of FICO , and each one serves a different purpose. For example: FICO Auto Score is used by auto lenders to determine your car loan eligibility. FICO Bankcard Score is used by credit card companies. FICO Mortgage Score is used specifically by mortgage lenders. Each version uses a slightly different algorithm to weigh factors like payment history, credit utilization, and length of credit history. Mortgage lenders typically use the most recent version of FICO, which can result in a lower score compared to what you see on consumer credit apps. Getting the new FICO scoring into a company’s system is costly, so when you are getting a free credit report, you are most certainly not getting the most up-to-date and accurate credit score. Companies just can’t afford to give the score away for free.
If you’re planning to buy a home, one of the most important questions on your mind is probably: What credit score do I need to qualify for a mortgage? I’m here to save you hours of research and give you the real facts that matter most. We’ll cover the minimum credit score requirements for various loan types, from conventional to FHA, VA, USDA, and portfolio loans. Plus, read to the end for a bonus tip on how to boost your credit score by 40 to 50 points—fast! Understanding Credit Scores for Mortgages Not all credit scores are created equal. While you may see one score when checking your credit card or car loan, the FICO score used for mortgages could be different. There are over three dozen FICO models, but 90% of lenders rely on one specific version for mortgages. 💡 Pro Tip: The best way to know your mortgage FICO score is to check with a licensed mortgage lender. Minimum Credit Score Requirements by Loan Type
Are you exploring loan options and wondering if an FHA loan might be right for you? If you need leniency on credit, higher debt-to-income ratios, or have faced past credit challenges like bankruptcy or foreclosure, an FHA loan could be the key to achieving your homeownership dreams. Let’s unpack the details of FHA loans, including the latest 2025 updates, their unique benefits, and factors to consider. What Is an FHA Loan? FHA stands for the Federal Housing Administration, a government-backed entity that has been making homeownership more accessible since 1934. During its inception, only 1 in 10 people were homeowners. Today, that number has risen to 6 in 10, thanks in part to initiatives like FHA loans. FHA loans are designed to help borrowers with less-than-perfect credit or other financial challenges qualify for home financing. Every year, FHA adjusts its loan limits based on home value trends, providing a flexible and accessible option for buyers nationwide. FHA Loan Limits for 2025 In 2025, FHA loan limits have increased by approximately 5-6%, reflecting rising home prices across the country. For a one-unit property, the baseline limit is $524,225. However, limits can go much higher in high-cost areas like California, New York, and New Jersey. In these regions, FHA loans can reach up to $1,209,000 for a one-unit property. If you’re curious about the FHA loan limit in your county, use this handy lookup tool . FHA also allows financing for two, three, or four-unit properties with higher limits. This makes it a versatile choice for those interested in multi-family homes.