By Jennifer Hernandez
•
February 27, 2025
If you’re planning to buy a home in the next 12 months, understanding your credit score is essential. Not all lenders use the same credit scoring system, and the score you see from your credit card company may differ significantly from what mortgage lenders use. About 90% of lenders rely on FICO scores , but what exactly is FICO, and why is it so important? In this post, we’ll take a journey through the history of FICO and credit reporting, explain why not all credit scores are created equal, and give you practical tips to improve your credit score for home buying success. What Is FICO, and How Did It Start? To understand FICO, we need to take a step back into history. FICO (Fair Isaac Corporation) wasn’t always the gold standard for credit scoring. Its roots go back to 1956 as a data analytics company that specialized in building algorithms for various industries. But credit reporting actually started before FICO got involved, it began much earlier—back in the 1800s . The Birth of Business Credit Reporting In 1841 , a company called The Mercantile Agency began collecting and recording data on businesses, providing valuable information to creditors. This company later rebranded as Dun & Bradstreet , which remains a major player in business credit reporting today. While businesses were being tracked and scored, there was no system in place for consumer credit. That changed in the early 1900s . The Evolution of Consumer Credit Reporting In Atlanta, The Retail Credit Company (RCC) emerged in the early 1900s, collecting extensive data on individual consumers. Unfortunately, they went too far—gathering private personal information, including political affiliations and even racial and sexual details. The U.S. government stepped in to regulate this overreach by enacting the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) in 1970 , which established rules on how consumer credit information could be collected and shared. Feeling the heat from the new regulations, RCC rebranded as Equifax , one of the three major credit bureaus we recognize today, along with TransUnion and Experian . By the late 1980s , these agencies were struggling to make sense of the growing mountain of credit data. They needed a standardized system to interpret creditworthiness—so they partnered with FICO . How FICO Became the Standard for Credit Scoring In 1989 , FICO introduced its credit scoring system, which quickly became the industry standard for evaluating credit risk. FICO’s algorithm turned complex credit data into a simple three-digit score, making it easier for lenders to assess borrowers' trustworthiness when it came to paying back debt. Today, FICO is used by about 90% of lenders , although there are dozens of FICO models , each tailored to different types of lending (e.g., auto loans, credit cards, and mortgages). Why Your FICO Score May Vary If you’ve ever checked your credit score online and then applied for a mortgage, you might have noticed a significant difference between the two numbers. That’s because not all credit scores are created equal. There are more than three dozen versions of FICO , and each one serves a different purpose. For example: FICO Auto Score is used by auto lenders to determine your car loan eligibility. FICO Bankcard Score is used by credit card companies. FICO Mortgage Score is used specifically by mortgage lenders. Each version uses a slightly different algorithm to weigh factors like payment history, credit utilization, and length of credit history. Mortgage lenders typically use the most recent version of FICO, which can result in a lower score compared to what you see on consumer credit apps. Getting the new FICO scoring into a company’s system is costly, so when you are getting a free credit report, you are most certainly not getting the most up-to-date and accurate credit score. Companies just can’t afford to give the score away for free.